Madinah Sharif, also known as Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, is a city of profound historical and religious significance located in Saudi Arabia. It is revered as the second holiest city in Islam, after Mecca, due to its association with the Prophet Muhammad, who established the first Muslim community there in the 7th century CE. This city has been a pivotal center for Islamic learning, culture, and governance, shaping the course of Islamic civilization and influencing millions of Muslims worldwide. Notably, Madinah is home to the Prophet’s Mosque (Al-Masjid an-Nabawi), which attracts millions of pilgrims annually, particularly during the Hajj season, underscoring its enduring spiritual relevance.
Throughout its history, Madinah has experienced numerous political and cultural transformations. From its early days as the capital of the Islamic caliphate to its later status under the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman empires, the city has evolved significantly while maintaining its religious importance. The establishment of the Sharifate of Medina in the 10th century and subsequent Ottoman control in the 16th century further enriched its cultural and administrative landscape. However, these shifts often came with challenges, including political upheavals and conflicts that shaped its governance and social structure over the centuries.
In modern times, Madinah has embraced urban development and modernization while striving to preserve its rich heritage. It is now a hub for education, culture, and commerce, featuring institutions such as Taibah University and the Islamic University of Madinah. The city also hosts significant cultural events, including the Madinah International Art Symposium, which seeks to enhance its profile as a center of artistic expression and intercultural dialogue in the 21st century.
Nevertheless, Madinah faces ongoing challenges related to urbanization, environmental concerns, and the balance between modernization and heritage preservation, sparking discussions among residents and authorities about its future direction.
1. What is Madina Sharif?
Madina Sharif refers to the holy city of Madinah (Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah), located in present-day Saudi Arabia. It is one of the most sacred cities in Islam, second only to Makkah. Madinah holds immense religious significance as it became the Prophet Muhammad’s (ï·º) place of migration (Hijrah) from Makkah, and it is the location of his mosque, Masjid an-Nabawi, and his blessed resting place.
The Quran mentions the significance of migration to Madinah in Surah At-Tawbah:
“But the Messenger and those who believed with him strove with their wealth and their lives. For them are the good things. And it is they who will be successful.” (Quran, 9:88)
2. What is Medina famous for?
Madinah is renowned for several reasons:
- Masjid an-Nabawi: The mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (ï·º), which contains his blessed resting place, along with those of his closest companions, Abu Bakr (RA) and Umar (RA).
- Hijrah: It was the destination of the Prophet’s migration, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar (Hijri).
- The Ansar and Brotherhood: The people of Madinah, known as the Ansar (Helpers), welcomed the Prophet and the Muhajirun (migrants) from Makkah and became the pillars of early Islamic society.
- Historical Battles: Key events such as the Battles of Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq occurred near Madinah.
The Prophet (ï·º) praised Madinah, saying:
“Verily, faith returns and goes back to Al-Madinah as a snake returns and goes back to its hole.” (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 1876)
3. What is Kaba Sharif in Makkah?
The Kaaba Sharif is the holiest site in Islam, located within Masjid al-Haram in Makkah. It is the Qiblah (direction) that Muslims face during their prayers (Salah) worldwide. Built initially by Prophet Ibrahim (AS) and his son Ismail (AS) as commanded by Allah, it serves as a central place of worship.
Allah mentions the Kaaba in the Quran:
“Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Makkah – blessed and a guidance for the worlds.” (Quran, 3:96)
Key Features of the Kaaba:
- It is covered with a black cloth called the Kiswah, embroidered with gold Quranic verses.
- The Hajj pilgrimage, one of the Five Pillars of Islam, revolves around the Kaaba during Tawaf.
- The Black Stone (Hajr Aswad), mounted on the eastern corner of the Kaaba, is revered and often kissed by pilgrims, following the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (ï·º).
The Prophet (ï·º) emphasized its importance:
“The reward for performing one prayer in the Sacred Mosque (Masjid al-Haram) is equivalent to a hundred thousand prayers in other mosques.” (Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 14811)
History
Early Islamic Period
The history of Medina, known as Madinah Sharif, traces back to its pivotal role during the early Islamic period. In 656 CE, following the assassination of the third caliph Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali became the fourth caliph and moved the capital of the caliphate from Medina to Kufa due to its strategic location. This marked the beginning of Medina’s decline as a political center, as its importance shifted towards being a site of religious significance.
Umayyad Caliphate
With the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 CE, the capital was moved to Damascus. During this period, Medina experienced significant upheaval, including its sacking by the Umayyads in 683 CE. Although Medina was not the political capital, it continued to be a vital religious hub. The Umayyads governed the city through appointed governors, with Marwan ibn al-Hakam being named Governor of Medina in 662 CE, followed by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz in 706 CE.
The Sharifate of Medina
By the mid-tenth century, as the Abbasid Empire weakened, the Sharifate of Medina emerged. Ruled by the Banu Muhanna dynasty, the Sharifs were descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his cousin Ali and his grandson Husayn. The Sharifate held vassalage to the rulers of Egypt and gradually lost autonomy, especially during the Mamluk period when its leaders were appointed from Cairo and became subordinate to the Sharif of Mecca.
Ottoman Period
In 1517, Medina came under the control of the Ottoman Turks, which marked a significant shift in governance. The city became part of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet in 1872, and during this period, there were efforts to modernize the city, including the installation of a telephone line in 1896.
The Ottomans maintained a considerable influence over Medina until the early 20th century, when the city witnessed pivotal events such as the Battle of Medina in 1812, which marked continued conflict in the region.
Modern Era
Throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, Medina continued to evolve. The iconic dome of Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was painted green in 1837, symbolizing the mosque’s importance as a center of Islamic life. In the early 20th century, Medina’s population was estimated between 16,000 and 20,000, reflecting its status as a key pilgrimage destination in Islam.
Geography
Madinah Sharif, also known as Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, is characterized by its unique topography and climatic conditions, which have influenced its historical development and urban planning.
Climate
Madinah experiences a hot desert climate, with average summer temperatures around 30°C, occasionally soaring to 46°C from May to September. In contrast, January represents the coolest month, with average temperatures around 15°C. Humidity levels are generally low, averaging 22%, but can rise to 35% during rainy periods. Winds predominantly blow from the southwest and are typically hot and dry, with speeds ranging from 5 to 8 knots throughout the year
Topography
The geographical landscape of Madinah consists of lofty mountains, vast plains, and fertile valleys that are interspersed with orchards, springs, and wells. This natural beauty is complemented by significant historical sites, including noble resting places of prominent Islamic figures. The region is largely arid, receiving limited rainfall, which averages only 94 mm annually, predominantly falling between November and January. The presence of water desalination stations in nearby Yanbu provides the main source of fresh water for residents and visitors alike
Urban Development
Historically, Madinah was not an integrated urbanized city before the Prophetic Hijrah, characterized by scattered settlements rather than cohesive urban planning. The early inhabitants were attracted to the area’s fertile lands and abundant water supply, leading to its development as a center of attraction for various Arabic tribes. Over time, this evolving urban landscape has been supported by various urban planning methodologies, such as the City Profile Methodology, which integrates spatial planning with legal, institutional, and financial frameworks to promote sustainable development. The ongoing urbanization and modernization efforts continue to shape the city’s geography, making it an essential hub for religious, cultural, and academic pursuits in the Islamic world
Culture
Overview of Cultural Significance
Madinah Sharif is renowned for its vibrant cultural tapestry, which intricately weaves together its rich traditions and artistic expressions. The city has historically served as a cultural center, significantly influencing the spread of Islamic civilization. With its unique heritage, Madinah not only represents a historic Islamic city but also aspires to be a modern cultural crossroads that fosters mutual understanding and artistic collaboration among diverse communities.
Artistic Expression
Madinah International Art Symposium
One of the hallmark events celebrating Madinah’s cultural richness is the Madinah International Art Symposium (MODON). The inaugural edition, themed “Cities,” emphasizes urbanization’s importance throughout history while providing a platform for artists from various backgrounds to showcase their work. The symposium features a comprehensive program, including workshops, lectures, and discussions, culminating in a group exhibition of the produced works. This initiative aims to cultivate aesthetic appreciation and enhance the symbiotic relationship between art and society. The symposium also underscores the notion that cultural diversity enriches artistic expression, allowing different voices to flourish and learn from one another. By bringing together international artists, MODON seeks to reshape perceptions of Madinah as a hub of culture and creativity in the 21st century, emphasizing the role of arts in building bridges among people
Local Artistic Practices
Madinah is home to a variety of traditional art forms, including Arabic calligraphy, Islamic motifs, and contemporary visual arts. The city’s artistic landscape is characterized by a fusion of different media that reflects its historical significance and modern identity. Artists engage in workshops and exhibitions that invite both local and international participants, fostering an environment of creativity and exploration.
Cultural Experiences
Visitors to Madinah can immerse themselves in the city’s rich heritage through various cultural experiences. Traditional hospitality practices offer insight into the warm nature of the local community, while ceremonial celebrations highlight the vibrancy of its cultural life. The city also features a plethora of historical landmarks and heritage sites that narrate its captivating story. Engaging with the local community, participating in cultural activities, and attending festivals are ways for visitors to deepen their understanding of Madinah’s cultural landscape. These immersive experiences provide opportunities to savor local cuisine, engage with traditional crafts, and witness the enduring traditions that define the city.
Economy
Madinah Sharif has historically been a significant economic center, influenced by various administrative and trade practices. During the early modern period, particularly from the sixteenth century onward, the city benefitted from the broader economic dynamics of the Ottoman Empire, characterized by population growth, urbanization, and monetarization of the economy. The economic structure was heavily tied to the agricultural sector, where land revenue assignments known as timars played a crucial role in supporting cavalry forces and generating income for the state. The economy of Madinah was not only shaped by its administrative practices but also by Islamic principles that influenced commercial activities. The Qur’an established guidelines that promoted economic circulation, charity, and the fair treatment of the poor, creating a unique economic landscape. This “economy of poverty” underscored the importance of charity and communal support, marking a departure from previous economic models. In the context of urban development, markets and industries in Madinah were strategically located about mosques to minimize disruption while enhancing commercial activities. This thoughtful urban planning facilitated a vibrant marketplace that aligned with the spiritual and communal aspects of city life. The presence of industrial zones further contributed to the economic landscape, with developments such as the industrial area established in 2003, which hosts factories producing a range of goods from petroleum to building materials. Additionally, the establishment of the Knowledge Economic City in 2010 aims to bolster job creation and economic diversification by focusing on knowledge-based industries and real estate development, signaling an ongoing commitment to economic growth and modernization in Madinah
Education
Overview of Educational Institutions
Madinah Sharif has a rich educational landscape that includes a variety of institutions providing both primary and higher education. The Ministry of Education governs education in the al-Madinah Province, overseeing 724 public schools for boys and 773 for girls throughout the area. Among these, Taibah High School stands out as one of the most notable schools in Saudi Arabia. Established in 1942, it was the second-largest school in the country at that time, producing numerous graduates who have become prominent figures in Saudi governance and society.
Higher Education
Madinah is home to several prominent higher education institutions, including Taibah University and the Islamic University of Madinah. Taibah University is a public university that offers a diverse array of academic programs across its 28 colleges, 16 of which are located in Medina. As of 2020, the university catered to approximately 69,210 students and provided 89 academic programs, contributing significantly to the educational framework of the province.
In contrast, the Islamic University, established in 1961, holds the distinction of being the oldest higher education institution in the region, enrolling around 22,000 students. The Islamic University specializes in Islamic studies, offering majors in Sharia, Qur’an, Usul ad-Din, Hadith, and Arabic language. It provides various degree options, including Bachelor of Arts, Master’s, and Doctorate degrees, primarily aimed at Muslim students through scholarship programs that also cover accommodation and living expenses. The university expanded its curriculum in 2012 with the addition of the College of Science, which includes programs in engineering and computer science.
Role of Mosques in Education
Mosques in Madinah also play a vital role in the educational framework of the city. They serve as centers for community learning, offering classes in Quran recitation, Hadith, and Islamic values. These institutions not only educate but also foster a sense of community among the residents, providing opportunities for spiritual growth and social interaction.
The Prophet’s Mosque, in particular, is recognized as a significant center of learning, where educational activities have been intertwined with the practice of faith since the time of Prophet Muhammad.
Transportation
Madinah Sharif, a significant city in Saudi Arabia, boasts a well-developed transportation network that facilitates the movement of both residents and visitors. This network includes air travel, roadways, bus services, and emerging rail connections.
Air Travel
Madinah is served by the Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz International Airport, located off Highway 340. It handles a mix of domestic and international flights, making it the fourth-busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, with over 8 million passengers recorded in 2018. The airport was recognized as the world’s best by Engineering News-Record and received the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certificate in the MENA region, reflecting its modern infrastructure and eco-friendly design
Road Networks
The city is strategically positioned at the crossroads of two major highways: Highway 60 (the Qassim–Medina Highway) and Highway 15 (the Al Hijrah Highway), which connects Medina to Mecca in the south and Tabuk in the north. These highways are complemented by three ring roads: King Faisal Road, King Abdullah Road, and King Khalid Road, which enhance connectivity within the city and to surrounding regions.
Bus Services
In 2012, the Medina Metropolitan Development Authority (MMDA) established a bus transport system, operated by SAPTCO, which includes ten lines connecting various regions to Masjid an-Nabawi and the downtown area, serving approximately 20,000 passengers daily. The Madinah Sightseeing Bus service, launched in 2017, offers open-top buses with audio tour guidance in multiple languages, allowing tourists to explore key attractions. This service features two lines covering 11 destinations, including historical and religious sites. Plans to expand the bus network with 15 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines were announced, aiming for completion in 2023
Rail Connections
Recent advancements include the Haramain high-speed railway, which links Madinah with Mecca, reducing travel time between the two cities to under three hours. The establishment of this rail connection enhances accessibility for pilgrims and tourists, reflecting the city’s ongoing development in transport infrastructure.
Notable Figures
Historical Context
Madinah Sharif, known as the Radiant City, has been a significant site in Islamic history, especially as the city where the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) established the first Muslim community. The composition of this community was diverse, comprising Muslims, Jews, and various Arab tribes. Each group played a crucial role in the development of the city’s social and political landscape.
Influential Leaders
Among the notable figures in Madinah’s history is the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who not only led the Muslim community but also fostered an environment of coexistence among different tribes and religious groups. His leadership and legislative moves aimed at creating a virtuous society laid the groundwork for communal harmony and cooperative governance in Madinah.
Cultural Contributors
The city has also been home to numerous scholars, poets, and artists who have contributed to its rich cultural heritage. In contemporary times, initiatives such as the Madinah Arts Center and the Madinah Forum of Arabic Calligraphy have emerged to celebrate and promote the city’s artistic legacy, showcasing the works of both historical and modern figures in the arts. Additionally, the historical significance of figures such as the Companions of the Prophet, who are buried in Jannat al-Baqi, cannot be understated. Their contributions to the early Islamic community in Madinah were foundational, and their legacies continue to be honored by visitors and residents alike
Modern Influencers
In the modern era, cultural critics and artists from Madinah have also made significant contributions to the discourse surrounding Islamic art and culture. Figures like Abdul Aziz Aloun have engaged with both historical and contemporary themes, bridging the past and present in their works. The city’s museums and galleries serve as platforms for these contributors, reflecting Madinah’s ongoing commitment to cultural development and education.
Related Topics
The Constitution of Medina
The Constitution of Medina drafted in 622 CE, is a significant historical document that established the framework for governance in the newly formed Muslim community (ummah) in Medina. It redefined social ties, placing faith above tribal affiliations, and emphasized individual responsibility within the community. This marked a pivotal shift from the tribal norms of pre-Islamic Arabia to a society based on religious principles. The document not only laid the groundwork for a cooperative society among Muslims and other religious groups but also outlined mutual rights and responsibilities, contributing to the concept of citizenship in an Islamic state.
Early Islamic Society
The period following the migration (Hijrah) of Muhammad and his followers to Medina saw the establishment of a new societal and cultural paradigm. This era marked the emergence of the first Muslim community, characterized by unity, social justice, and legal reforms that were unprecedented in Arabian society at the time. The transition from a tribal society to a community bound by religious faith fostered an environment for collaboration and mutual support, which were essential for the growth of early Islamic civilization.
Conflict Resolution and Mediation
The Medina Charter is often referenced as a successful model of conflict resolution that achieved peace and pluralism without military force. This approach highlights the importance of respect and acceptance among diverse groups, reflecting the basic tenets of Islam as promoted by Prophet Muhammad. The charter serves as an example of how mediation can resolve complex issues involving various cultural and religious backgrounds in contemporary society.
Islamic Civilization Themes
The themes of Islamic civilization during the Madinan period included social and legal implications, such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance, which are foundational to Islamic law (Sharia). These themes contrast with the earlier Makkan period, which focused more on theological concepts such as monotheism (tawheed) and the Day of Resurrection. Understanding these themes is essential for comprehending the development of Islamic jurisprudence and its societal impact.
Urban Development in Madinah
Madinah continues to evolve as part of modern urban development initiatives in Saudi Arabia. The Future Saudi Cities Programme aims to enhance the infrastructure and economic potential of various cities, including Madinah, thereby fostering balanced regional development. This initiative reflects the historical significance of the city as a center of culture and spirituality, continuing its legacy into the present day.
Official Websites
Madinah Sharif has several official websites that provide valuable information about the city, its heritage, and various services. Among the prominent online resources is the Madina Buses Official Website, which offers details about public transportation services in the city, including routes and schedules, and has been archived for accessibility.
Additionally, City Sightseeing Medina provides insights into sightseeing tours available in the area, helping visitors explore the city’s historical and religious landmarks. Another important platform is the Dard Al-Sunnah Project, which focuses on promoting and preserving the cultural and religious significance of Madinah.
This project is featured in local news outlets such as Al-Madinah Newspaper, highlighting ongoing developments and community engagement initiatives in the region.
For comprehensive details on Madinah’s attractions and facilities, the official website of the Prophet’s Mosque (Al-Masjid An-Nabawi) serves as a crucial resource, providing updates on events and guidelines for visitors to the holy site.
These websites collectively enhance the visitor experience by offering reliable information and insights into the city’s rich heritage and ongoing activities.
Related Media
Historical Photography of Madinah
Madinah al-Munawwarah, known as the Radiant City of the Prophet Muhammad, has a rich visual history captured in photography from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notable historical photos include views of the city from 1890, showcasing the city’s Ottoman walls, which were later demolished as Madinah expanded.
Other significant images document landmarks such as Masjid al-Nabawi, the Mosque of the Prophet, highlighting its architectural evolution and cultural significance.
Artistic Events and Symposiums
Madinah also hosts various cultural events that celebrate its artistic heritage. The Madinah International Art Symposium, with its inaugural theme “Cities,” emphasizes urbanization’s role in humanity’s history. This symposium includes a comprehensive program of workshops, lectures, and exhibitions that foster dialogue between art and society, providing a platform for both local and international artists.
These events not only enrich the local cultural landscape but also enhance the skills and aesthetic appreciation of participants and audiences alike.
Cultural Journalism
The development of cultural journalism in Madinah has been pivotal in documenting and promoting its artistic expression. A significant turning point occurred in 1980 with the establishment of al-Hayat al-Tashkiliyya (Plastic Life), a magazine dedicated to Syrian art and international movements. This publication played a crucial role in elevating the discourse around local art, contributing to a deeper understanding of its social and patriotic contexts.
References
- Timeline of Medina – Wikipedia
- Medina – Wikipedia
- Political Organization – Encyclopedia.com
- Sharifate of Medina – Wikipedia
- The Form and Function of the Prophet’s Mosque during the Time of the …
- The History of Medina – Dawat-e-Islami
- Madinah City Profile, Saudi Arabia
- Madinah City Profile – UN-Habitat
- Experience Madinah’S Culture and Historical Sights
- Art Connection
- Early social changes under Islam – Wikipedia
- The “Constitution of Medina”. Mu%ammad’s First Legal Document …
- (PDF) Important Events of Madina | sajad ali – Academia.edu
- Prophet’s Mosque – Wikipedia
- Things To Do In Madinah! Sightseeing in Madinah Guide
- Charter of Madina. A Comprehensive Guide
- 14 Historical Photos of Madina, City of the Prophet
- Modern and Contemporary Syrian Art – Atassi Foundation
- Modern Art – An Exploration of the 20th-Century Modernist Movement
- Constitution of Medina – Wikipedia
- Rulership and Justice. Islamic Period, John Woods – University of Chicago
- The Constitution of Medina. A Symbol of Pluralism in Islam
