Jihad is one of the most discussed yet misunderstood concepts in Islam. Derived from the Arabic root word “jahada”, which means “to strive” or “to struggle,” jihad holds a broad significance within Islamic teachings. This article delves into the true meaning of jihad as explained in the Quran and Hadith, aiming to provide clarity and context.
The Meaning of Jihad in Islam
In Islam, jihad is a multi-dimensional concept that encompasses both personal and communal struggles. It is not limited to armed conflict but includes striving for self-improvement, resisting evil, and working toward the betterment of society.
1. Types of Jihad
(a) Greater Jihad (Jihad al-Akbar)
- Definition: The internal, spiritual struggle to overcome sin, improve oneself, and live a life pleasing to Allah.
- Evidence: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said after returning from battle:
“We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad.”
(Reported by Bayhaqi)
This refers to striving against one’s inner desires.
(b) Lesser Jihad (Jihad al-Asghar)
- Definition: The external struggle, including self-defense and fighting oppression, with strict ethical guidelines.
- Conditions: Fighting is only permissible under specific circumstances and must follow the rules laid out in the Quran and Hadith.
Islamic scholars often categorize jihad into several types:
- Jihad al-Nafs (Struggle Against the Self): This refers to the internal struggle to overcome negative traits such as greed, anger, and pride, and to cultivate virtues like patience, sincerity, and humility.
- Jihad al-Lisan (Struggle of the Tongue): This involves speaking the truth, spreading knowledge, and advocating for justice.
- Jihad al-Mal (Struggle of Wealth): Contributing financially to charitable causes or supporting efforts that promote social welfare falls under this category.
- Jihad al-Saif (Struggle of the Sword): This refers to armed struggle, which is permissible only under specific conditions and with strict ethical guidelines as outlined in Islamic law.
2. Rules and Guidelines for Armed Jihad
Conditions and Justifications
- Self-Defense: Fighting is permitted to repel aggression or persecution.
“Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.”
(Quran 2:190) - End of Oppression: Fighting is allowed to protect the oppressed.
“And what is [the matter] with you that you do not fight in the cause of Allah and [for] the oppressed among men, women, and children?”
(Quran 4:75) - Declaration by a Legitimate Authority: Jihad must be declared by a legitimate leader or governing authority, not by individuals.
Ethical Conduct in Warfare
- No Aggression: Muslims must not initiate unjust wars or act aggressively.
“But if they incline towards peace, then incline towards it [also] and rely upon Allah.” (Quran 8:61)
- Protection of Civilians: Non-combatants, including women, children, elderly, and clergy, must not be harmed.
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:
“Do not kill women, children, the elderly, or religious leaders. Do not destroy crops or livestock.”
(Sunan Abu Dawood 2614) - Respect for the Environment: Trees, crops, and infrastructure must not be destroyed unnecessarily.
Peaceful Resolution Preferred
- War is a last resort, only after peaceful negotiations and all other options have been exhausted.
“And if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors.” (Quran 2:193)
3. Prohibited Actions in Jihad
- Killing Innocents: The Prophet (peace be upon him) strictly forbade harming innocents.
- Terrorism: Unjustly spreading fear or targeting non-combatants is forbidden.
- Oppression: Jihad must not be used for personal gain, territorial expansion, or oppressing others.
4. Rewards and Responsibilities
- Spiritual Rewards: Those who engage in jihad for legitimate and ethical purposes are promised rewards.
“Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their properties [in exchange] for that they will have Paradise.”
(Quran 9:111) - Accountability: Actions in jihad are judged by intention (niyyah). If misused, it leads to divine punishment.
Jihad in the Quran
The Quran emphasizes that jihad is primarily a spiritual and moral endeavor. Below are some key verses that highlight its significance:
Striving for Righteousness
“And those who strive for Us—We will surely guide them to Our ways. And indeed, Allah is with the doers of good.” (Quran 29:69)
This verse underscores the importance of striving in the path of Allah through acts of goodness and self-discipline.
Defending Justice
“Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory.” (Quran 22:39)
Here, the Quran permits defensive warfare under conditions of oppression and injustice. It emphasizes that such actions must aim to restore peace and justice.
Avoiding Excess
“And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.” (Quran 2:190)
This verse highlights the ethical guidelines for warfare, prohibiting aggression and harm to non-combatants.
Jihad in the Hadith
The sayings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) provide further insights into jihad. The Hadith clarifies its various dimensions and underscores its ethical framework.
The Greater Jihad: Striving Against the Self
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:
“The best jihad is to strive against your soul and your desires for the sake of Allah.” (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 4261)
This emphasizes the importance of self-improvement as the foundation of jihad.
Advocating for Truth
“The best jihad is speaking a word of truth to an oppressive ruler.” (Sunan Abu Dawood, Hadith 4344)
This Hadith highlights the courage required to stand for justice and truth, even in adversity.
Compassion in Warfare
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) laid down clear ethical guidelines for warfare:
“Do not kill women, children, the elderly, or non-combatants. Do not destroy crops or animals.” (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith 3015)
These teachings emphasize mercy and restraint, even during armed conflict.
Misconceptions About Jihad
Jihad is often misunderstood as synonymous with “holy war.” However, this is a narrow and inaccurate interpretation. The primary focus of jihad is spiritual and moral striving, with armed struggle being a last resort and subject to strict regulations.
Clarifying “Holy War”
The term “holy war” is not found in Islamic scriptures. The Quran and Hadith consistently advocate for peace, justice, and the protection of innocent lives.
Promoting Peace
The Quran states:
“But if they incline to peace, then incline to it [also] and rely upon Allah. Indeed, it is He who is the Hearing, the Knowing.” (Quran 8:61)
This verse underscores Islam’s preference for peaceful resolution over conflict.
Conclusion
Jihad, as outlined in the Quran and Hadith, is a comprehensive concept that prioritizes personal development, justice, and societal welfare. While it includes the possibility of armed struggle, this is strictly regulated and intended only to defend against oppression or injustice.
By understanding jihad in its true context, we can appreciate its profound emphasis on peace, compassion, and self-betterment. The Quran and Hadith serve as enduring guides, encouraging Muslims to strive for righteousness and contribute positively to the world.