Biography of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA): A Comprehensive Biography

Biography of Hazrat Umar: Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), also known as Umar al-Farooq, was the second Caliph of Islam and one of the most influential and respected leaders in Islamic history. Known for his justice, strength, and remarkable administrative skills, Umar (RA) played a key role in the early expansion and consolidation of the Islamic state. His title, Al-Farooq, meaning “the one who distinguishes between right and wrong,” was given by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in recognition of his unwavering commitment to truth and justice.

 

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Biography of Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA)

Early Life and Background

Hazrat Umar was born around 583 CE in the powerful Quraysh tribe of Banu Adi in Mecca. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl, a respected figure in the tribe, and his mother was Hantamah bint Hisham. In his early years, Umar was known for his imposing stature, physical strength, and skill in wrestling and horseback riding. Like many in his tribe, he grew up as a polytheist and took part in tribal disputes, showing early signs of leadership and authority.

Despite his toughness, Umar was also intelligent and articulate, possessing a strong sense of honor and justice. As a young man, he engaged in trade, which exposed him to various cultures and gave him experience in governance and diplomacy.

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Conversion to Islam

Hazrat Umar’s conversion to Islam was a turning point both for him personally and for the Muslim community. Initially, Umar was a fierce opponent of Islam and even planned to kill the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) due to his perception that Islam was a threat to Meccan society. However, on his way to execute his plan, he learned that his own sister, Fatimah bint al-Khattab, had embraced Islam. In anger, he confronted her but was moved when he saw her dedication and faith.

Upon hearing verses from the Quran in her home, specifically from Surah Taha, Umar’s heart softened. He went to the Prophet (PBUH) and declared his faith. His conversion was a pivotal moment, bringing great strength to the Muslim community in Mecca. With Umar and Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib both accepting Islam, the Muslims could now practice their faith openly in Mecca, as they were protected by these two strong figures. This marked the beginning of Umar’s enduring commitment to Islam and the Prophet’s mission.

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Life in Medina and Role in Early Battles

After the Hijra (migration) to Medina, Umar continued to support the Prophet and actively participated in all major battles, including the Battle of Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq. Known for his courage and strategic mind, he became one of the Prophet’s closest advisors.

Umar’s strong stance on justice, truth, and loyalty to the Prophet became evident during times of crisis. In the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, despite his initial objections, Umar accepted the Prophet’s wisdom, and his faith only strengthened. His dedication was clear when he pledged to defend Islam even if it meant sacrificing his life.

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Umar’s Role After the Prophet’s Passing

When the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) passed away in 632 CE, the Muslim community was shaken. Umar, initially in disbelief, declared that the Prophet was not dead, unwilling to accept the great loss. However, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) reminded everyone, including Umar, of the verse from the Quran that says, “Muhammad is no more than a messenger; other messengers have passed on before him…” (Quran 3:144). Umar then accepted the reality and became instrumental in supporting Abu Bakr’s leadership as the first Caliph.

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Appointment as the Second Caliph of Islam

Upon the death of Abu Bakr (RA) in 634 CE, Umar was appointed as the second Caliph of Islam. His tenure as Caliph lasted for 10 years (634–644 CE), during which he expanded the Islamic state, consolidated its governance, and laid down fundamental policies that became models of Islamic administration.

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Achievements and Reforms Under Umar’s Caliphate

Under Umar’s rule, the Islamic state witnessed unprecedented growth, expanding from the Arabian Peninsula into parts of the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, and Syria. His reign was marked by justice, governance, social reforms, and a remarkable administrative framework that served as the foundation for future Islamic governance. Some of his key achievements and reforms include:

1. Administrative Divisions: Umar divided the expanding empire into provinces with governors (walis) appointed in each region. This structured system of governance ensured efficient management of distant territories.
2. Judicial System: He established an organized judicial system and appointed judges (qadis) who were given authority to deliver justice based on Islamic principles. This laid the groundwork for the Islamic legal system.
3. Social Welfare: Umar was highly committed to social welfare and public works. He established a public treasury (Bayt al-Mal) to manage the wealth of the state and funded public projects, including roads, canals, and wells.
4. Military Organization: Umar created a standing army and implemented pensions for soldiers and their families, ensuring that veterans and their dependents were financially supported.
5. Bureau of Records: Umar established a system of record-keeping to monitor resources, financial records, and population, which facilitated effective governance.
6. Public Welfare and Charity: He instituted a welfare system for the needy, orphans, and elderly and ensured that Zakat (charitable tax) was collected and distributed equitably.
7. Establishment of Hijri Calendar: Umar was the first to establish the Islamic (Hijri) calendar, starting from the year of the Prophet’s migration from Mecca to Medina. This calendar became the official system of dates for Muslims.
8. Protection of Non-Muslims: Umar’s rule was marked by a policy of tolerance and protection for non-Muslim subjects. Under his rule, Christians, Jews, and others were granted freedom to practice their religions, provided they paid a nominal tax (jizya). His “Covenant of Umar” with the Christians of Jerusalem is a testament to his just and tolerant approach.

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The Expansion of the Islamic Empire

Under Umar’s leadership, the Islamic empire expanded at a rate unprecedented in history. Key military campaigns led to the conquests of:

• Byzantine Empire territories in Syria and Palestine, culminated in the historic capture of Jerusalem in 638 CE.
• Persian Empire territories in Iraq, Persia, and further east.
• Egypt, where Alexandria was taken from Byzantine control.

Umar’s respect and magnanimity toward conquered people were remarkable. When he entered Jerusalem, he was invited to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre but chose instead to pray outside, fearing that his prayer inside the church might set a precedent for converting it into a mosque.

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Character and Personal Traits

Umar (RA) was known for his integrity, humility, simplicity, and deep sense of accountability to Allah. He was deeply committed to justice and believed that every individual, regardless of social status or wealth, was equal before Allah. His famous words, “Even if a dog dies hungry by the banks of the Euphrates, Umar will be responsible for it,” reflect his concern for the welfare of every living being under his rule.

He was also known for his self-discipline, leading a simple life despite being the ruler of a vast empire. Umar would personally visit the homes of widows, orphans, and the needy at night to ensure their well-being and often carry provisions on his back to distribute among the poor.

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Martyrdom of Umar (RA)

In 644 CE, while leading the Fajr prayer at the mosque in Medina, Umar was attacked by Abu Lu’lu’a Firuz, a Persian slave. Umar sustained serious injuries and, after a few days, passed away on 26 Dhu al-Hijjah, 23 AH (644 CE). Before his death, he appointed a council of six companions to choose his successor, which ultimately led to the selection of Uthman ibn Affan (RA) as the next Caliph.

Umar’s final resting place is beside the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and Abu Bakr (RA) in Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, a testament to his close companionship with the Prophet.

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Legacy of Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA)

Hazrat Umar’s legacy is revered by Muslims for his profound impact on Islam, not only as a political leader but also as a model of justice, piety, and integrity. His reforms and policies set the standard for future Islamic governance, and his approach to social justice and welfare is admired to this day.

As Caliph, Umar (RA) set a precedent for humility, justice, and responsibility. His policies of governance, tolerance for non-Muslims, and commitment to the well-being of every member of society left a profound and lasting mark on the Islamic world. Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) remains an enduring symbol of righteousness, justice, and faith, and his life continues to inspire generations of Muslims around the world.